Energy storage systems are reshaping the way we generate, distribute, and consume power. As renewable sources such as solar and wind become more widespread, large-scale battery banks, flywheels, and supercapacitors have emerged to smooth out supply fluctuations. Yet with high voltage and high current flows comes greater risk of overcurrent events, thermal runaway, and catastrophic failure....

As the global shift toward renewable energy accelerates, energy storage systems (ESS) have become essential for balancing supply and demand, stabilizing grids, and supporting electric mobility. These systems—ranging from residential battery packs to utility-scale installations—require robust protection mechanisms to ensure safety and reliability. One of the most critical yet often...